![]() ![]() Lacan also applied metaphor and metonymy in the formulation of his “law of the signifier”, which the dream work and the unconscious process follow. His notion of the binary oppositions being the elements of structure, also informed Mikhail Bakhtin’s dialogic criticism and Levi Strauss’ Structural Anthropology. Based on the differential and oppositional functions of metaphor and metonymy, Jakobson proposed a poetics of both poetry and prose, which was later developed by French Structuralists. in his 1958 paper, “Linguistics and Poetics” he incorporated CS Peirce’s ideas of Semiotics and formulated that “the poetic function projects the principle of equivalence from the axis of selection into the axis of combination” - thus arguing that poetry is essentially metaphoric, and prose metonymic. He suggests that language has a bipolar structure, oscillating between the poles of metaphor and metonymy, and that the development of any discourse takes place along these two semantic lines. Jakobson introduced the concept of metaphor and metonymy in his “ Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances” (1956), two rhetorical figures representing two fundamental ways of organising discourse. As a pioneer of the structural analysis of language, which became the dominant trend of twentieth-century linguistics, Jakobson was among the most influential linguists of the century. Jakobson’s stress on the formal devices also informed Stylistics of the 1950s, which sought to undertake an “objective/ scientific” analysis of the style of literary texts. Roman Osipovich Jakobson was a Russian linguist, formalist, and literary theorist. ![]() Bertolt Brecht’s Epic Theatre also employs a similar idea, which he calls “alienation effect” or “ Verfremdungseffekt“, to incite the intelligence of the audience. This mode of making language strange is perfectly delineated in Hopkins’ “ The Windhover.” The same idea was advocated by the Romantics Wordsworth and Coleridge, though they focused on the author’s ability in evoking the freshness of sensation rather than the literary devices. Viktor Shklovsky explained that the objective of literature in foregrounding its linguistic medium is to estrange or defamiliarize, refresh ordinary perceptions and render things more perceptible. Proposing a fundamental opposition between the literary and practical uses of language, Jakobson believed that literariness is that feature that would offer the reader a special mode of experience by foregrounding the formal features of a.text. With the Russian Formalist’s endeavour to make literary criticism a scientifically grounded discipline, Jakobson formulated the concept of “literariness,” a quality that makes a verbal message a work of art.
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